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            <h1 id="seo-header">软件开发流程</h1>
            
            
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                <h1 id="软件开发流程"><a href="#软件开发流程" class="headerlink" title="软件开发流程"></a>软件开发流程</h1><style>.pfofdhblajvn{zoom:80%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106162815172.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="pfofdhblajvn" alt="image-20221106162815172">

<p><strong>1). 第1阶段: 需求分析</strong></p>
<p>完成需求规格说明书、产品原型编写。  </p>
<p>需求规格说明书， 一般来说就是使用 Word 文档来描述当前项目的各个组成部分，如：系统定义、应用环境、功能规格、性能需求等，都会在文档中描述。<strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.joqrhqbfxubo{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106163758703.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="joqrhqbfxubo" alt="image-20221106163758703">

<p>产品原型，一般是通过网页(html)的形式展示当前的页面展示什么样的数据, 页面的布局是什么样子的，点击某个菜单，打开什么页面，点击某个按钮，出现什么效果，都可以通过产品原型看到。 <strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.nmtqxtqjdeic{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106163925031.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="nmtqxtqjdeic" alt="image-20221106163925031">

<p><strong>2). 第2阶段: 设计</strong></p>
<p>设计的内容包含 UI设计、数据库设计、接口设计。</p>
<p>UI设计：用户界面的设计，主要设计项目的页面效果，小到一个按钮，大到一个页面布局，还有人机交互逻辑的体现。<strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.rymeinngysyp{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106165303946.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="rymeinngysyp" alt="image-20221106165303946">

<p>数据库设计：需要设计当前项目中涉及到哪些数据库，每一个数据库里面包含哪些表，这些表结构之间的关系是什么样的，表结构中包含哪些字段。<strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.ccyadimjadrt{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106165554917.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="ccyadimjadrt" alt="image-20221106165554917">

<p>接口设计：通过分析原型图，首先，粗粒度地分析每个页面有多少接口，然后，再细粒度地分析每个接口的传入参数，返回值参数，同时明确接口路径及请求方式。<strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.wypknowdcfkm{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106171538880.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="wypknowdcfkm" alt="image-20221106171538880">

<p><strong>3). 第3阶段: 编码</strong></p>
<p>编写项目代码、并完成单元测试。</p>
<p>项目代码编写：作为软件开发工程师，我们需要对项目的模块功能分析后，进行编码实现。</p>
<p>单元测试：编码实现完毕后，进行单元测试，单元测试通过后再进入到下一阶段。<strong>例如：</strong></p>
<style>.iuijvhcvbomr{zoom:50%;}</style><img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106175351594.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="iuijvhcvbomr" alt="image-20221106175351594">

<p><strong>4). 第4阶段: 测试</strong></p>
<p>在该阶段中主要由测试人员, 对部署在测试环境的项目进行功能测试, 并出具测试报告。</p>
<p><strong>5). 第5阶段: 上线运维</strong></p>
<p>在项目上线之前， 会由运维人员准备服务器上的软件环境安装、配置， 配置完毕后， 再将我们开发好的项目，部署在服务器上运行。</p>
<h3 id="1-2-角色分工"><a href="#1-2-角色分工" class="headerlink" title="1.2 角色分工"></a>1.2 角色分工</h3><p>在对整个软件开发流程熟悉后， 我们还有必要了解一下在整个软件开发流程中涉及到的岗位角色，以及各个角色的职责分工。</p>
<img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20210725234015404.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="" title="image-20210725234015404">

<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">岗位&#x2F;角色</th>
<th>对应阶段</th>
<th align="left">职责&#x2F;分工</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left">项目经理</td>
<td>全阶段</td>
<td align="left">对整个项目负责，任务分配、把控进度</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">产品经理</td>
<td>需求分析</td>
<td align="left">进行需求调研，输出需求调研文档、产品原型等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">UI设计师</td>
<td>设计</td>
<td align="left">根据产品原型输出界面效果图</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">架构师</td>
<td>设计</td>
<td align="left">项目整体架构设计、技术选型等</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><font color='red'>开发工程师</font></td>
<td><font color='red'>编码</font></td>
<td align="left"><font color='red'>功能代码实现</font></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">测试工程师</td>
<td>测试</td>
<td align="left">编写测试用例，输出测试报告</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">运维工程师</td>
<td>上线运维</td>
<td align="left">软件环境搭建、项目上线</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>上述我们讲解的角色分工, 是在一个项目组中比较标准的角色分工, 但是在实际的项目中, 有一些项目组由于人员配置紧张, 可能并没有专门的架构师或测试人员, 这个时候可能需要有项目经理或者程序员兼任。</p>
<h3 id="1-3-软件环境"><a href="#1-3-软件环境" class="headerlink" title="1.3 软件环境"></a>1.3 软件环境</h3><p>作为软件开发工程师，在编码的过程中就不可避免地会接触多种软件环境，我们主要来分析在工作中经常遇到的三套环境， 分别是: 开发环境、测试环境、生产环境。 接下来，我们分别介绍一下这三套环境的作用和特点。</p>
<p><strong>1). 开发环境(development)</strong></p>
<p>我们作为软件开发人员，在开发阶段使用的环境，就是开发环境，一般外部用户无法访问。</p>
<p>比如，我们在开发中使用的MySQL数据库和其他的一些常用软件，我们可以安装在本地， 也可以安装在一台专门的服务器中， 这些应用软件仅仅在软件开发过程中使用， 项目测试、上线时，我们不会使用这套环境了，这个环境就是开发环境。</p>
<p><strong>2). 测试环境(testing)</strong></p>
<p>当软件开发工程师，将项目的功能模块开发完毕，并且单元测试通过后，就需要将项目部署到测试服务器上，让测试人员对项目进行测试。那这台测试服务器就是专门给测试人员使用的环境， 也就是测试环境，用于项目测试，一般外部用户无法访问。</p>
<p><strong>3). 生产环境(production)</strong></p>
<p>当项目开发完毕，并且由测试人员测试通过之后，就可以上线项目，将项目部署到线上环境，并正式对外提供服务，这个线上环境也称之为生产环境。</p>
<p>​        <strong>开发环境</strong>                                                         <strong>测试环境</strong>                                                <strong>生产环境</strong></p>
<img src="/2024/08/01/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E6%B5%81%E7%A8%8B/image-20221106182912829.png" srcset="/img/loading.gif" lazyload class="" title="image-20221106182912829">

<p>首先，会在开发环境中进行项目开发，往往开发环境大多数都是本地的电脑环境和局域网内的环境，当开发完毕后，然后会把项目部署到测试环境，测试环境一般是一台独立测试服务器的环境，项目测试通过后，最终把项目部署到生产环境，生产环境可以是机房或者云服务器等线上环境。</p>

                
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